What are the control measures in birds?

The most important control measures are rapid destruction ("culling"or "stamping out")of all infected or exposed birds,proper disposal of carcasses,and the quarantining and rigorous disinfection of farms.

The virus is killed by heat (56degrees C for 3hours or 60degrees C for 30minutes)and common disinfectants,such as fomalin and iodine compounds.

The virus can survive,at cool temperatures,in contaminated manure for at least three months.In water,the virus can survive for up to four days at 22degrees C and more than 30days at 0degrees C.For the highly pathogenic form,studies have shown that a single gram of contaminated manure can contain enough virus to infect 1million birds.

Restrictions on the movement of live poultry,both within and between countries,are another important control measure.